Neuroscientists may have felt much the same, but unfortunately for them Nieuwenhuis, at the request of the British Psychological Society publication, The Psychologist, declared the sample of papers that he reviewed absent of psychologists. The deafening sonic eruption of people around the UK not giving a shit could be heard in Fiji.
The main finding from the Nieuwenhuis paper was that neuroscientists often make the error of thinking that a non-significant difference is different from a significant one. Hang on, that’s confusing. Let’s say group A’s anxiety levels change significantly over time (p = .049) and group B’s do not (p = .060), then neuroscientists tend to assume that the change in anxiety in group A is different to that in group B, whereas the average psychologist would know that you need to test whether the change in group A differs from the change in group B (i.e., look for a significant interaction).
My friend Thom Baguely wrote a nice blog about it. He asked whether psychologists were entitled to feel smug about not making the Nieuwenhuis error, and politely pointed out some errors that we do tend to make. This blog inspired me to write my top 5 common mistakes that should remind scientists of every variety that we probably shouldn’t meddle with things that we don’t understand; Statistics, for example.
5. Median splits
OK, I’m starting by cheating because this one is in Thom’s blog too, but scientists (psychologists especially) love nothing more than butchering perfectly good continuous variables with the rusty meat cleaver that is the median (or some other arbitrary blunt instrument). Imagine 4 children aged 2, 8, 9, and 16. You do a median split to compare ‘young’ (younger than 8.5) and old (older than 8.5). What you’re saying here is that a 2 year old is identical to an 8 year old, a 9 year old is identical to a 16 year old, and an 8 year old is completely different in every way to a 9 year old. If that doesn’t convince you that it’s a curious practice then read DeCoster, Gallucci, & Iselin, 2011; MacCallum, Zhang, Preacher, & Rucker, 2002.4. Confidence intervals:
Using confidence intervals is a good idea - the APA statistics task force say so - except that no-one understands them. Well, behavioural neuroscientists, medics and psychologists don’t (Belia, Fidler, Williams, & Cumming, 2005). (see a nice summary of the Belia paper here). I think many scientists would struggle to say what a CI represents correctly, and many textbooks (including the first edition of my own Discovering Statistics Using SPSS) give completely incorrect, but commonly reproduced, explanations of what a CI means.3. Assuming normally distributed data
I haven’t done it, but I reckon if you asked the average scientist what the assumptions of tests based on the normal distribution were, most would tell me that you need normally distributed data. You don’t. You typically need a normally-distributed sampling distributions or normally-distributed residuals/errors. The beauty of the central limit theorem is that in large samples the sampling distribution will be normal anyway so you’re sample data can be shaped exactly like a blue whale giving a large African elephant a piggyback and it won’t make a blind bit of difference.2. Homogeneity of variance matters
Despite people like me teaching the next generation of scientists all about how homogeneity of variance/homoscedasticity should be carefully checked, the reality is that we should probably just do robust tests or use a bootstrap anyway and free ourselves from the Iron Maiden of assumptions that perforate our innards on a daily basis. Also, in regression, heteroscedasticity doesn’t really affect anything important (according to Gelman & Hill, 2007)1. Hypothesis testing
In at number 1 as the top statistical faux pas is null hypothesis significance testing (NHST). With the honorable exceptions of physicists and a few others from the harder sciences, most scientists use NHST. Lots is written on why this practice is a bad idea (e.g., Meehl, 1978). To sum up (1) it stems from a sort of hideous experiment in which two quite different statistical philosophies were placed together on a work bench and joined using a staple gun; (2) a p –value is the probability of something given that something that is never true is true, which of course it isn’t, which means that you can’t really get anything useful from a p-value other than a publication in a journal; (3) it results in the kind of ridiculous situations in which people completely reject ideas because their p was .06, but lovingly embrace and copulate with other ideas because their p value was .049; (4) ps depend on sample size and consequently you find researchers who have just studied 1000 participants joyfully rubbing their crotch at a pitifully small and unsubstantive effect that, because of their large sample, has crept below the magical fast-track to publication that is p < .05; (5) no-one understands what a p-value is, not even research professors or people teaching statistics (Haller & Kraus, 2002). Physicists must literally shit their pants with laughter at this kind of behaviour.Surely, the interaction oversight (or the ‘missing in interaction’ you might say) faux pas of the neuroscientists is the least of their (and our) worries.
References
- Belia, S., Fidler, F., Williams, J., & Cumming, G. (2005). Researchers misunderstand confidence intervals and standard error bars. . Psychological Methods, 10, 389-396.
- DeCoster, J., Gallucci, M., & Iselin, A.-M. R. (2011). Best Practices for Using Median Splits, Artificial Categorization, and their Continuous Alternatives. Journal of Experimental Psychopathology., 2(2), 197-209.
- Gelman, A., & Hill, J. (2007). Data Analysis Using Regression and Multilevel/Hierarchical Models. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Haller, H., & Kraus, S. (2002). Misinterpretations of Significance: A Problem Students Share with Their Teachers? MPR-Online, 7(1), 1-20.
- MacCallum, R. C., Zhang, S., Preacher, K. J., & Rucker, D. D. (2002). On the practice of dichotomization of quantitative variables. Psychological Methods, 7(1), 19-40.
- Meehl, P. E. (1978). Theoretical risks and tabular asterisks: Sir Karl, Sir Ronald, and the slow progress of soft psychology. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 46, 806-834.
